1	Notice Information contained in this briefing has been drawn from a number of sources and from the author’s personal experience. It is appropriate, however, to specifically acknowledge the T-34 Association for its excellent formation video and companion flight manual, which I recommend. The central objective of this presentation is to promote safety in formation flying. This briefing was originally was created for the San Diego EZ Squadron, a group of composite aircraft builders and fliers who have met monthly since 1976. Subsequently, extensive comments have been added to the notes pages in an effort to expand on and further clarify the summary points made in the briefing. This document, however, is not intended as a substitute for qualified instruction from an experienced formation pilot, including appropriate ground school instruction and a full briefing before each formation flight. The use of the procedures described in this briefing is entirely at the option and the discretion of the formation’s pilots. Neither the San Diego EZ Squadron nor the author, Dan Patch, assume any liability for the use or failure to use any or all of this information. It is strictly your responsibility to ensure your own safety and that of your flight mates! This briefing is placed in the public domain in the interest of furthering flight safety, however, this notice must not be removed nor the contents of the briefing altered without permission.
2	Formation Flight – Getting Started San Diego EZ Squadron Dan Patch – Squadron Safety Officer Introduction Preflight Briefing Taxi and Takeoff Departure & Joinup Enroute Formation Landings Formation Essentials Conclusion
3	Introduction This presentation is limited to a few basic pointers Emphasizes flight characteristics/limitations of our canard planes Covers major problem areas for beginners, based on my experience Don’t fly formation until you are proficient in type Formation is not the place to learn to fly or to look for switches You need to know your aircraft performance limits Best approach is video/text ground school followed by in-flight experience with a qualified instructor This ensures that all essentials are covered Safer and quicker than the free-lance approach Teaches standardized procedures But the reality is – most of us will be largely self-taught. We didn’t learn to fly or get an instrument rating this way But basic formation flight is not that difficult To my knowledge, very few mid-air collisions have occurred
4	Preflight Briefing Required by FAA Regulations – that also require Formation must be pre-arranged (no surprise join-ups!) Separation must be adequate to ensure safe flight Flight separation of <1 mile horizontal and <100 feet vertical ATC handles the flight as if it is a single plane It is critical that all flight members know exactly what is expected throughout the flight Who is the flight lead Their own position in the flight (lead, wing, #3, etc.) Route of flight, altitudes, restricted areas, etc. Frequencies – particularly air-to-air enroute Arrival procedures with alternatives Any pilot and/or aircraft limitations Don’t put the novice in charge!
5	Taxi and Takeoff Conduct a pre-taxi radio check on the air-to-air frequency Verifies that everyone has the right frequency and is ready to taxi Lead relays essential ATIS information and frequency change Flight leader should lead on the ramp – Look Sharp! Leader in front helps prevent runway incursions I prefer a staggered taxi position to avoid prop wash and debris Don’t rush your runup! Everyone sets tower frequency in the runup area Only the lead squawks the transponder code Thumbs up to go and pass the signal along to the lead Start with staggered departures until you have experience Take alternate sides of the runway – lead on downwind side Wing delays 3 to 5 seconds before starting his take-off roll
6	Two-Ship Departures Wing should be positioned nearly abreast of element lead Acute position reduces the potential for a collision on the ground Tire or brake failure may not be controllable – Don’t hit the lead! The wingman must maintain an acute position on the roll Lead must stay within the wing’s available power envelop Leave close formation on departure to the Blue Angels Call an abort immediately if something isn’t right Remain on your side of the runway if at all possible Wing must be prepared to make a go/no-go decision Multiple elements depart in flights of two Don’t rush the preceding element Start your roll as soon as the previous element breaks ground
7	Joinup on Departure Poor power management, rapid climb, and/or tight turns by the lead will make things difficult at best for his wingman Lead should maintain the initial runway heading longer than usual Keep the climb gentle – especially with a staggered departure Make wide crosswind and downwind turns Allows wing to turn inside lead to join up Prevents whipping the wing into a “sucked” position Straight-out departures call for moderate climb and power levels Poor joinup technique disrupts the flight and increases the danger of a midair collision Always use geometry (turns) not power whenever possible for joinup Turn inside the lead to catch-up Turn outside the lead to fall back or reduce closure rate Inexperienced wingmen tend to seriously underestimate The power required to catch up to the lead from an in-trail, sucked position The power reduction needed to arrest the high closure rate that develops
8	More on Joinups and Turns Overrunning the lead is the greatest safety concern If needed, fly under and behind the lead to the outside of the turn to prevent an overshoot Never go belly up on the lead – You may hit what you can’t see! Anticipate power requirements and don’t be timid Immediate action to correct a drift out of position is essential to avoid large corrections and a potential PIO situation You are never “in formation” just maneuvering to get closer to it All turns require significant power changes by the wingmen Outside turns require power to accelerate, to speed up, and to climb Inside turns require a power reduction to avoid overshooting Beginners often fail to reverse the power drill at the completion of the turn Turns into the wing require extra skill by both lead and wing – particularly toward the strong side of a finger four formation Lead should never initiate a turn into an echelon formation
9	Enroute Formation Wing should try to maintain a constant “angle-off” from lead Adjust your spacing by moving up and down “the line” Flying far behind the lead (“sucked”) looks terrible and is: Extra work for you Can make you lose sight of the formation – not good! Bugs the lead big-time because he can’t see you Don’t show off by flying too close for safety Always maintain nose-to-tail and wing-to-wing horizontal clearance Maintain “step-down” for vertical clearance Give yourself extra room when performing cockpit “chores” Keep the radio chatter under control No need for lead to call heading changes except for beginners Don’t use the radio for a chat line – other flights need the frequency Wing must convey flight information and power requirements to lead
10	Landing in Trail I recommend landing in trail until you are very proficient Standard 45 degree downwind pattern entry procedures: Flight lead: Shift your flight to the outside during or before the 45 degree leg Don’t forget your cockpit check and a gear-down call on downwind! Carry a little extra speed on final to avoid bunch-up Lead lands on the downwind side of the runway Never cross the runway centerline until it’s safe Wing: Wing turns base 3 to 5 seconds after the lead turns base Avoid wake turbulence from the lead on final! Maintain appropriate spacing on final Land on the “open” (non-lead) side of the runway As always, be prepared to make a safe and timely go-around Lead needs to fly straight-in approaches with some extra speed to allow the wingman to drift back for spacing
11	Formation Landing (2-Ship) Be sure both flight members are proficient formation pilots Don’t try this on narrow, high altitude, or gusty runways! Smooth turns and power management by the lead are critical Initial power reduction tends to induce an overshoot by the wingman. Keep alert – especially in turns! Always position the wingman on the outside of turns Keep your turns gentle Fly an aligned and stabilized approach with a little extra speed The wingman needs proficient station holding skills and confidence in his abilities under dynamic conditions Landing checklist complete and ready to land (where’s the gear?) Assume and maintain an acute “angle-off” position on final Maintain precise position control during rollout
12	Essentials Get good ground and air instruction from a competent pilot Know the skill level and limitations of your pilots and planes Brief all aspects of the flight - aim for no surprises Strive for early join-up following departure Always maintain visual contact with your lead Anticipate power changes – avoid overshoot! Never go belly-up on your lead! Pick a separation distance that is comfortable and safe Strive to maintain a fixed angle-off and step-down position Don’t show-off, especially with a passenger aboard! Lead is responsible for flying an achievable flight profile Wing must maintain station or communicate why he can’t
13	Conclusion Poorly flown formation flight: Can scare you – or worse! Properly flown formation flight: Involves minimal risk of a midair collision Reduces odds of having a midair with other aircraft You have more eyes and ears working for you You are easier for other planes to see Is far better than any other type of “flight following” Can be one of the most satisfying activities in flying Camaraderie Improved flight skills Personal accomplishment Life just doesn’t get much better than a good formation flight!